Circle of fifths: how keys connect.

1. Moving by fifths adds sharps

Starting from C major, moving up by perfect fifths gives G, D, A, E, B, F-sharp, and C-sharp. Each step adds one sharp to the key signature. The order of sharps is F-C-G-D-A-E-B.

2. Moving the other direction adds flats

Moving down by fifths, or up by fourths, gives F, B-flat, E-flat, A-flat, D-flat, G-flat, and C-flat. Each step adds one flat. The order of flats is B-E-A-D-G-C-F.

3. Relative major and minor

Each major key has a relative minor that shares the same key signature. C major and A minor share no sharps or flats. G major and E minor share one sharp. F major and D minor share one flat.

4. How to use the circle

Use the circle to memorize key signatures, identify closely related keys, understand common chord progressions, and prepare modulations. Keys next to each other on the circle usually sound closely related because they share many notes.